View Code of Problem 1007

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#include "precomp.hpp"  
#include "gcgraph.hpp"  
#include <limits>  
  
using namespace cv;  
  
/* 
This is implementation of image segmentation algorithm GrabCut described in 
"GrabCut — Interactive Foreground Extraction using Iterated Graph Cuts". 
Carsten Rother, Vladimir Kolmogorov, Andrew Blake. 
 */  
  
/* 
 GMM - Gaussian Mixture Model 
*/  
class GMM  
{  
public:  
    static const int componentsCount = 5;  
  
    GMM( Mat& _model );  
    double operator()( const Vec3d color ) const;  
    double operator()( int ci, const Vec3d color ) const;  
    int whichComponent( const Vec3d color ) const;  
  
    void initLearning();  
    void addSample( int ci, const Vec3d color );  
    void endLearning();  
  
private:  
    void calcInverseCovAndDeterm( int ci );  
    Mat model;  
    double* coefs;  
    double* mean;  
    double* cov;  
  
    double inverseCovs[componentsCount][3][3]; //协方差的逆矩阵  
    double covDeterms[componentsCount];  //协方差的行列式  
  
    double sums[componentsCount][3];  
    double prods[componentsCount][3][3];  
    int sampleCounts[componentsCount];  
    int totalSampleCount;  
};  
  
//背景和前景各有一个对应的GMM(混合高斯模型)  
GMM::GMM( Mat& _model )  
{  
    //一个像素的(唯一对应)高斯模型的参数个数或者说一个高斯模型的参数个数  
    //一个像素RGB三个通道值,故3个均值,3*3个协方差,共用一个权值  
    const int modelSize = 3/*mean*/ + 9/*covariance*/ + 1/*component weight*/;  
    if( _model.empty() )  
    {  
        //一个GMM共有componentsCount个高斯模型,一个高斯模型有modelSize个模型参数  
        _model.create( 1, modelSize*componentsCount, CV_64FC1 );  
        _model.setTo(Scalar(0));  
    }  
    else if( (_model.type() != CV_64FC1) || (_model.rows != 1) || (_model.cols != modelSize*componentsCount) )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "_model must have CV_64FC1 type, rows == 1 and cols == 13*componentsCount" );  
  
    model = _model;  
  
    //注意这些模型参数的存储方式:先排完componentsCount个coefs,再3*componentsCount个mean。  
    //再3*3*componentsCount个cov。  
    coefs = model.ptr<double>(0);  //GMM的每个像素的高斯模型的权值变量起始存储指针  
    mean = coefs + componentsCount; //均值变量起始存储指针  
    cov = mean + 3*componentsCount;  //协方差变量起始存储指针  
  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < componentsCount; ci++ )  
        if( coefs[ci] > 0 )  
             //计算GMM中第ci个高斯模型的协方差的逆Inverse和行列式Determinant  
             //为了后面计算每个像素属于该高斯模型的概率(也就是数据能量项)  
             calcInverseCovAndDeterm( ci );   
}  
  
//计算一个像素(由color=(B,G,R)三维double型向量来表示)属于这个GMM混合高斯模型的概率。  
//也就是把这个像素像素属于componentsCount个高斯模型的概率与对应的权值相乘再相加,  
//具体见论文的公式(10)。结果从res返回。  
//这个相当于计算Gibbs能量的第一个能量项(取负后)。  
double GMM::operator()( const Vec3d color ) const  
{  
    double res = 0;  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < componentsCount; ci++ )  
        res += coefs[ci] * (*this)(ci, color );  
    return res;  
}  
  
//计算一个像素(由color=(B,G,R)三维double型向量来表示)属于第ci个高斯模型的概率。  
//具体过程,即高阶的高斯密度模型计算式,具体见论文的公式(10)。结果从res返回  
double GMM::operator()( int ci, const Vec3d color ) const  
{  
    double res = 0;  
    if( coefs[ci] > 0 )  
    {  
        CV_Assert( covDeterms[ci] > std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() );  
        Vec3d diff = color;  
        double* m = mean + 3*ci;  
        diff[0] -= m[0]; diff[1] -= m[1]; diff[2] -= m[2];  
        double mult = diff[0]*(diff[0]*inverseCovs[ci][0][0] + diff[1]*inverseCovs[ci][1][0] + diff[2]*inverseCovs[ci][2][0])  
                   + diff[1]*(diff[0]*inverseCovs[ci][0][1] + diff[1]*inverseCovs[ci][1][1] + diff[2]*inverseCovs[ci][2][1])  
                   + diff[2]*(diff[0]*inverseCovs[ci][0][2] + diff[1]*inverseCovs[ci][1][2] + diff[2]*inverseCovs[ci][2][2]);  
        res = 1.0f/sqrt(covDeterms[ci]) * exp(-0.5f*mult);  
    }  
    return res;  
}  
  
//返回这个像素最有可能属于GMM中的哪个高斯模型(概率最大的那个)  
int GMM::whichComponent( const Vec3d color ) const  
{  
    int k = 0;  
    double max = 0;  
  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < componentsCount; ci++ )  
    {  
        double p = (*this)( ci, color );  
        if( p > max )  
        {  
            k = ci;  //找到概率最大的那个,或者说计算结果最大的那个  
            max = p;  
        }  
    }  
    return k;  
}  
  
//GMM参数学习前的初始化,主要是对要求和的变量置零  
void GMM::initLearning()  
{  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < componentsCount; ci++)  
    {  
        sums[ci][0] = sums[ci][1] = sums[ci][2] = 0;  
        prods[ci][0][0] = prods[ci][0][1] = prods[ci][0][2] = 0;  
        prods[ci][1][0] = prods[ci][1][1] = prods[ci][1][2] = 0;  
        prods[ci][2][0] = prods[ci][2][1] = prods[ci][2][2] = 0;  
        sampleCounts[ci] = 0;  
    }  
    totalSampleCount = 0;  
}  
  
//增加样本,即为前景或者背景GMM的第ci个高斯模型的像素集(这个像素集是来用估  
//计计算这个高斯模型的参数的)增加样本像素。计算加入color这个像素后,像素集  
//中所有像素的RGB三个通道的和sums(用来计算均值),还有它的prods(用来计算协方差),  
//并且记录这个像素集的像素个数和总的像素个数(用来计算这个高斯模型的权值)。  
void GMM::addSample( int ci, const Vec3d color )  
{  
    sums[ci][0] += color[0]; sums[ci][1] += color[1]; sums[ci][2] += color[2];  
    prods[ci][0][0] += color[0]*color[0]; prods[ci][0][1] += color[0]*color[1]; prods[ci][0][2] += color[0]*color[2];  
    prods[ci][1][0] += color[1]*color[0]; prods[ci][1][1] += color[1]*color[1]; prods[ci][1][2] += color[1]*color[2];  
    prods[ci][2][0] += color[2]*color[0]; prods[ci][2][1] += color[2]*color[1]; prods[ci][2][2] += color[2]*color[2];  
    sampleCounts[ci]++;  
    totalSampleCount++;  
}  
  
//从图像数据中学习GMM的参数:每一个高斯分量的权值、均值和协方差矩阵;  
//这里相当于论文中“Iterative minimisation”的step 2  
void GMM::endLearning()  
{  
    const double variance = 0.01;  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < componentsCount; ci++ )  
    {  
        int n = sampleCounts[ci]; //第ci个高斯模型的样本像素个数  
        if( n == 0 )  
            coefs[ci] = 0;  
        else  
        {  
            //计算第ci个高斯模型的权值系数  
            coefs[ci] = (double)n/totalSampleCount;   
  
            //计算第ci个高斯模型的均值  
            double* m = mean + 3*ci;  
            m[0] = sums[ci][0]/n; m[1] = sums[ci][1]/n; m[2] = sums[ci][2]/n;  
  
            //计算第ci个高斯模型的协方差  
            double* c = cov + 9*ci;  
            c[0] = prods[ci][0][0]/n - m[0]*m[0]; c[1] = prods[ci][0][1]/n - m[0]*m[1]; c[2] = prods[ci][0][2]/n - m[0]*m[2];  
            c[3] = prods[ci][1][0]/n - m[1]*m[0]; c[4] = prods[ci][1][1]/n - m[1]*m[1]; c[5] = prods[ci][1][2]/n - m[1]*m[2];  
            c[6] = prods[ci][2][0]/n - m[2]*m[0]; c[7] = prods[ci][2][1]/n - m[2]*m[1]; c[8] = prods[ci][2][2]/n - m[2]*m[2];  
  
            //计算第ci个高斯模型的协方差的行列式  
            double dtrm = c[0]*(c[4]*c[8]-c[5]*c[7]) - c[1]*(c[3]*c[8]-c[5]*c[6]) + c[2]*(c[3]*c[7]-c[4]*c[6]);  
            if( dtrm <= std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() )  
            {  
                //相当于如果行列式小于等于0,(对角线元素)增加白噪声,避免其变  
                //为退化(降秩)协方差矩阵(不存在逆矩阵,但后面的计算需要计算逆矩阵)。  
                // Adds the white noise to avoid singular covariance matrix.  
                c[0] += variance;  
                c[4] += variance;  
                c[8] += variance;  
            }  
              
            //计算第ci个高斯模型的协方差的逆Inverse和行列式Determinant  
            calcInverseCovAndDeterm(ci);  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//计算协方差的逆Inverse和行列式Determinant  
void GMM::calcInverseCovAndDeterm( int ci )  
{  
    if( coefs[ci] > 0 )  
    {  
        //取第ci个高斯模型的协方差的起始指针  
        double *c = cov + 9*ci;  
        double dtrm =  
              covDeterms[ci] = c[0]*(c[4]*c[8]-c[5]*c[7]) - c[1]*(c[3]*c[8]-c[5]*c[6])   
                                + c[2]*(c[3]*c[7]-c[4]*c[6]);  
  
        //在C++中,每一种内置的数据类型都拥有不同的属性, 使用<limits>库可以获  
        //得这些基本数据类型的数值属性。因为浮点算法的截断,所以使得,当a=2,  
        //b=3时 10*a/b == 20/b不成立。那怎么办呢?  
        //这个小正数(epsilon)常量就来了,小正数通常为可用给定数据类型的  
        //大于1的最小值与1之差来表示。若dtrm结果不大于小正数,那么它几乎为零。  
        //所以下式保证dtrm>0,即行列式的计算正确(协方差对称正定,故行列式大于0)。  
        CV_Assert( dtrm > std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() );  
        //三阶方阵的求逆  
        inverseCovs[ci][0][0] =  (c[4]*c[8] - c[5]*c[7]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][1][0] = -(c[3]*c[8] - c[5]*c[6]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][2][0] =  (c[3]*c[7] - c[4]*c[6]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][0][1] = -(c[1]*c[8] - c[2]*c[7]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][1][1] =  (c[0]*c[8] - c[2]*c[6]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][2][1] = -(c[0]*c[7] - c[1]*c[6]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][0][2] =  (c[1]*c[5] - c[2]*c[4]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][1][2] = -(c[0]*c[5] - c[2]*c[3]) / dtrm;  
        inverseCovs[ci][2][2] =  (c[0]*c[4] - c[1]*c[3]) / dtrm;  
    }  
}  
  
//计算beta,也就是Gibbs能量项中的第二项(平滑项)中的指数项的beta,用来调整  
//高或者低对比度时,两个邻域像素的差别的影响的,例如在低对比度时,两个邻域  
//像素的差别可能就会比较小,这时候需要乘以一个较大的beta来放大这个差别,  
//在高对比度时,则需要缩小本身就比较大的差别。  
//所以我们需要分析整幅图像的对比度来确定参数beta,具体的见论文公式(5)。  
/* 
  Calculate beta - parameter of GrabCut algorithm. 
  beta = 1/(2*avg(sqr(||color[i] - color[j]||))) 
*/  
static double calcBeta( const Mat& img )  
{  
    double beta = 0;  
    for( int y = 0; y < img.rows; y++ )  
    {  
        for( int x = 0; x < img.cols; x++ )  
        {  
            //计算四个方向邻域两像素的差别,也就是欧式距离或者说二阶范数  
            //(当所有像素都算完后,就相当于计算八邻域的像素差了)  
            Vec3d color = img.at<Vec3b>(y,x);  
            if( x>0 ) // left  >0的判断是为了避免在图像边界的时候还计算,导致越界  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y,x-1);  
                beta += diff.dot(diff);  //矩阵的点乘,也就是各个元素平方的和  
            }  
            if( y>0 && x>0 ) // upleft  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x-1);  
                beta += diff.dot(diff);  
            }  
            if( y>0 ) // up  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x);  
                beta += diff.dot(diff);  
            }  
            if( y>0 && x<img.cols-1) // upright  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x+1);  
                beta += diff.dot(diff);  
            }  
        }  
    }  
    if( beta <= std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() )  
        beta = 0;  
    else  
        beta = 1.f / (2 * beta/(4*img.cols*img.rows - 3*img.cols - 3*img.rows + 2) ); //论文公式(5)  
  
    return beta;  
}  
  
//计算图每个非端点顶点(也就是每个像素作为图的一个顶点,不包括源点s和汇点t)与邻域顶点  
//的边的权值。由于是无向图,我们计算的是八邻域,那么对于一个顶点,我们计算四个方向就行,  
//在其他的顶点计算的时候,会把剩余那四个方向的权值计算出来。这样整个图算完后,每个顶点  
//与八邻域的顶点的边的权值就都计算出来了。  
//这个相当于计算Gibbs能量的第二个能量项(平滑项),具体见论文中公式(4)  
/* 
  Calculate weights of noterminal vertices of graph. 
  beta and gamma - parameters of GrabCut algorithm. 
 */  
static void calcNWeights( const Mat& img, Mat& leftW, Mat& upleftW, Mat& upW,   
                            Mat& uprightW, double beta, double gamma )  
{  
    //gammaDivSqrt2相当于公式(4)中的gamma * dis(i,j)^(-1),那么可以知道,  
    //当i和j是垂直或者水平关系时,dis(i,j)=1,当是对角关系时,dis(i,j)=sqrt(2.0f)。  
    //具体计算时,看下面就明白了  
    const double gammaDivSqrt2 = gamma / std::sqrt(2.0f);  
    //每个方向的边的权值通过一个和图大小相等的Mat来保存  
    leftW.create( img.rows, img.cols, CV_64FC1 );  
    upleftW.create( img.rows, img.cols, CV_64FC1 );  
    upW.create( img.rows, img.cols, CV_64FC1 );  
    uprightW.create( img.rows, img.cols, CV_64FC1 );  
    for( int y = 0; y < img.rows; y++ )  
    {  
        for( int x = 0; x < img.cols; x++ )  
        {  
            Vec3d color = img.at<Vec3b>(y,x);  
            if( x-1>=0 ) // left  //避免图的边界  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y,x-1);  
                leftW.at<double>(y,x) = gamma * exp(-beta*diff.dot(diff));  
            }  
            else  
                leftW.at<double>(y,x) = 0;  
            if( x-1>=0 && y-1>=0 ) // upleft  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x-1);  
                upleftW.at<double>(y,x) = gammaDivSqrt2 * exp(-beta*diff.dot(diff));  
            }  
            else  
                upleftW.at<double>(y,x) = 0;  
            if( y-1>=0 ) // up  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x);  
                upW.at<double>(y,x) = gamma * exp(-beta*diff.dot(diff));  
            }  
            else  
                upW.at<double>(y,x) = 0;  
            if( x+1<img.cols && y-1>=0 ) // upright  
            {  
                Vec3d diff = color - (Vec3d)img.at<Vec3b>(y-1,x+1);  
                uprightW.at<double>(y,x) = gammaDivSqrt2 * exp(-beta*diff.dot(diff));  
            }  
            else  
                uprightW.at<double>(y,x) = 0;  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//检查mask的正确性。mask为通过用户交互或者程序设定的,它是和图像大小一样的单通道灰度图,  
//每个像素只能取GC_BGD or GC_FGD or GC_PR_BGD or GC_PR_FGD 四种枚举值,分别表示该像素  
//(用户或者程序指定)属于背景、前景、可能为背景或者可能为前景像素。具体的参考:  
//ICCV2001“Interactive Graph Cuts for Optimal Boundary & Region Segmentation of Objects in N-D Images”  
//Yuri Y. Boykov Marie-Pierre Jolly   
/* 
  Check size, type and element values of mask matrix. 
 */  
static void checkMask( const Mat& img, const Mat& mask )  
{  
    if( mask.empty() )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "mask is empty" );  
    if( mask.type() != CV_8UC1 )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "mask must have CV_8UC1 type" );  
    if( mask.cols != img.cols || mask.rows != img.rows )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "mask must have as many rows and cols as img" );  
    for( int y = 0; y < mask.rows; y++ )  
    {  
        for( int x = 0; x < mask.cols; x++ )  
        {  
            uchar val = mask.at<uchar>(y,x);  
            if( val!=GC_BGD && val!=GC_FGD && val!=GC_PR_BGD && val!=GC_PR_FGD )  
                CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "mask element value must be equel"  
                    "GC_BGD or GC_FGD or GC_PR_BGD or GC_PR_FGD" );  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//通过用户框选目标rect来创建mask,rect外的全部作为背景,设置为GC_BGD,  
//rect内的设置为 GC_PR_FGD(可能为前景)  
/* 
  Initialize mask using rectangular. 
*/  
static void initMaskWithRect( Mat& mask, Size imgSize, Rect rect )  
{  
    mask.create( imgSize, CV_8UC1 );  
    mask.setTo( GC_BGD );  
  
    rect.x = max(0, rect.x);  
    rect.y = max(0, rect.y);  
    rect.width = min(rect.width, imgSize.width-rect.x);  
    rect.height = min(rect.height, imgSize.height-rect.y);  
  
    (mask(rect)).setTo( Scalar(GC_PR_FGD) );  
}  
  
//通过k-means算法来初始化背景GMM和前景GMM模型  
/* 
  Initialize GMM background and foreground models using kmeans algorithm. 
*/  
static void initGMMs( const Mat& img, const Mat& mask, GMM& bgdGMM, GMM& fgdGMM )  
{  
    const int kMeansItCount = 10;  //迭代次数  
    const int kMeansType = KMEANS_PP_CENTERS; //Use kmeans++ center initialization by Arthur and Vassilvitskii  
  
    Mat bgdLabels, fgdLabels; //记录背景和前景的像素样本集中每个像素对应GMM的哪个高斯模型,论文中的kn  
    vector<Vec3f> bgdSamples, fgdSamples; //背景和前景的像素样本集  
    Point p;  
    for( p.y = 0; p.y < img.rows; p.y++ )  
    {  
        for( p.x = 0; p.x < img.cols; p.x++ )  
        {  
            //mask中标记为GC_BGD和GC_PR_BGD的像素都作为背景的样本像素  
            if( mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_BGD || mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_BGD )  
                bgdSamples.push_back( (Vec3f)img.at<Vec3b>(p) );  
            else // GC_FGD | GC_PR_FGD  
                fgdSamples.push_back( (Vec3f)img.at<Vec3b>(p) );  
        }  
    }  
    CV_Assert( !bgdSamples.empty() && !fgdSamples.empty() );  
      
    //kmeans中参数_bgdSamples为:每行一个样本  
    //kmeans的输出为bgdLabels,里面保存的是输入样本集中每一个样本对应的类标签(样本聚为componentsCount类后)  
    Mat _bgdSamples( (int)bgdSamples.size(), 3, CV_32FC1, &bgdSamples[0][0] );  
    kmeans( _bgdSamples, GMM::componentsCount, bgdLabels,  
            TermCriteria( CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, kMeansItCount, 0.0), 0, kMeansType );  
    Mat _fgdSamples( (int)fgdSamples.size(), 3, CV_32FC1, &fgdSamples[0][0] );  
    kmeans( _fgdSamples, GMM::componentsCount, fgdLabels,  
            TermCriteria( CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, kMeansItCount, 0.0), 0, kMeansType );  
  
    //经过上面的步骤后,每个像素所属的高斯模型就确定的了,那么就可以估计GMM中每个高斯模型的参数了。  
    bgdGMM.initLearning();  
    for( int i = 0; i < (int)bgdSamples.size(); i++ )  
        bgdGMM.addSample( bgdLabels.at<int>(i,0), bgdSamples[i] );  
    bgdGMM.endLearning();  
  
    fgdGMM.initLearning();  
    for( int i = 0; i < (int)fgdSamples.size(); i++ )  
        fgdGMM.addSample( fgdLabels.at<int>(i,0), fgdSamples[i] );  
    fgdGMM.endLearning();  
}  
  
//论文中:迭代最小化算法step 1:为每个像素分配GMM中所属的高斯模型,kn保存在Mat compIdxs中  
/* 
  Assign GMMs components for each pixel. 
*/  
static void assignGMMsComponents( const Mat& img, const Mat& mask, const GMM& bgdGMM,   
                                    const GMM& fgdGMM, Mat& compIdxs )  
{  
    Point p;  
    for( p.y = 0; p.y < img.rows; p.y++ )  
    {  
        for( p.x = 0; p.x < img.cols; p.x++ )  
        {  
            Vec3d color = img.at<Vec3b>(p);  
            //通过mask来判断该像素属于背景像素还是前景像素,再判断它属于前景或者背景GMM中的哪个高斯分量  
            compIdxs.at<int>(p) = mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_BGD || mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_BGD ?  
                bgdGMM.whichComponent(color) : fgdGMM.whichComponent(color);  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//论文中:迭代最小化算法step 2:从每个高斯模型的像素样本集中学习每个高斯模型的参数  
/* 
  Learn GMMs parameters. 
*/  
static void learnGMMs( const Mat& img, const Mat& mask, const Mat& compIdxs, GMM& bgdGMM, GMM& fgdGMM )  
{  
    bgdGMM.initLearning();  
    fgdGMM.initLearning();  
    Point p;  
    for( int ci = 0; ci < GMM::componentsCount; ci++ )  
    {  
        for( p.y = 0; p.y < img.rows; p.y++ )  
        {  
            for( p.x = 0; p.x < img.cols; p.x++ )  
            {  
                if( compIdxs.at<int>(p) == ci )  
                {  
                    if( mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_BGD || mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_BGD )  
                        bgdGMM.addSample( ci, img.at<Vec3b>(p) );  
                    else  
                        fgdGMM.addSample( ci, img.at<Vec3b>(p) );  
                }  
            }  
        }  
    }  
    bgdGMM.endLearning();  
    fgdGMM.endLearning();  
}  
  
//通过计算得到的能量项构建图,图的顶点为像素点,图的边由两部分构成,  
//一类边是:每个顶点与Sink汇点t(代表背景)和源点Source(代表前景)连接的边,  
//这类边的权值通过Gibbs能量项的第一项能量项来表示。  
//另一类边是:每个顶点与其邻域顶点连接的边,这类边的权值通过Gibbs能量项的第二项能量项来表示。  
/* 
  Construct GCGraph 
*/  
static void constructGCGraph( const Mat& img, const Mat& mask, const GMM& bgdGMM, const GMM& fgdGMM, double lambda,  
                       const Mat& leftW, const Mat& upleftW, const Mat& upW, const Mat& uprightW,  
                       GCGraph<double>& graph )  
{  
    int vtxCount = img.cols*img.rows;  //顶点数,每一个像素是一个顶点  
    int edgeCount = 2*(4*vtxCount - 3*(img.cols + img.rows) + 2);  //边数,需要考虑图边界的边的缺失  
    //通过顶点数和边数创建图。这些类型声明和函数定义请参考gcgraph.hpp  
    graph.create(vtxCount, edgeCount);  
    Point p;  
    for( p.y = 0; p.y < img.rows; p.y++ )  
    {  
        for( p.x = 0; p.x < img.cols; p.x++)  
        {  
            // add node  
            int vtxIdx = graph.addVtx();  //返回这个顶点在图中的索引  
            Vec3b color = img.at<Vec3b>(p);  
  
            // set t-weights              
            //计算每个顶点与Sink汇点t(代表背景)和源点Source(代表前景)连接的权值。  
            //也即计算Gibbs能量(每一个像素点作为背景像素或者前景像素)的第一个能量项  
            double fromSource, toSink;  
            if( mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_BGD || mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_FGD )  
            {  
                //对每一个像素计算其作为背景像素或者前景像素的第一个能量项,作为分别与t和s点的连接权值  
                fromSource = -log( bgdGMM(color) );  
                toSink = -log( fgdGMM(color) );  
            }  
            else if( mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_BGD )  
            {  
                //对于确定为背景的像素点,它与Source点(前景)的连接为0,与Sink点的连接为lambda  
                fromSource = 0;  
                toSink = lambda;  
            }  
            else // GC_FGD  
            {  
                fromSource = lambda;  
                toSink = 0;  
            }  
            //设置该顶点vtxIdx分别与Source点和Sink点的连接权值  
            graph.addTermWeights( vtxIdx, fromSource, toSink );  
  
            // set n-weights  n-links  
            //计算两个邻域顶点之间连接的权值。  
            //也即计算Gibbs能量的第二个能量项(平滑项)  
            if( p.x>0 )  
            {  
                double w = leftW.at<double>(p);  
                graph.addEdges( vtxIdx, vtxIdx-1, w, w );  
            }  
            if( p.x>0 && p.y>0 )  
            {  
                double w = upleftW.at<double>(p);  
                graph.addEdges( vtxIdx, vtxIdx-img.cols-1, w, w );  
            }  
            if( p.y>0 )  
            {  
                double w = upW.at<double>(p);  
                graph.addEdges( vtxIdx, vtxIdx-img.cols, w, w );  
            }  
            if( p.x<img.cols-1 && p.y>0 )  
            {  
                double w = uprightW.at<double>(p);  
                graph.addEdges( vtxIdx, vtxIdx-img.cols+1, w, w );  
            }  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//论文中:迭代最小化算法step 3:分割估计:最小割或者最大流算法  
/* 
  Estimate segmentation using MaxFlow algorithm 
*/  
static void estimateSegmentation( GCGraph<double>& graph, Mat& mask )  
{  
    //通过最大流算法确定图的最小割,也即完成图像的分割  
    graph.maxFlow();  
    Point p;  
    for( p.y = 0; p.y < mask.rows; p.y++ )  
    {  
        for( p.x = 0; p.x < mask.cols; p.x++ )  
        {  
            //通过图分割的结果来更新mask,即最后的图像分割结果。注意的是,永远都  
            //不会更新用户指定为背景或者前景的像素  
            if( mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_BGD || mask.at<uchar>(p) == GC_PR_FGD )  
            {  
                if( graph.inSourceSegment( p.y*mask.cols+p.x /*vertex index*/ ) )  
                    mask.at<uchar>(p) = GC_PR_FGD;  
                else  
                    mask.at<uchar>(p) = GC_PR_BGD;  
            }  
        }  
    }  
}  
  
//最后的成果:提供给外界使用的伟大的API:grabCut   
/* 
****参数说明: 
    img——待分割的源图像,必须是8位3通道(CV_8UC3)图像,在处理的过程中不会被修改; 
    mask——掩码图像,如果使用掩码进行初始化,那么mask保存初始化掩码信息;在执行分割 
        的时候,也可以将用户交互所设定的前景与背景保存到mask中,然后再传入grabCut函 
        数;在处理结束之后,mask中会保存结果。mask只能取以下四种值: 
        GCD_BGD(=0),背景; 
        GCD_FGD(=1),前景; 
        GCD_PR_BGD(=2),可能的背景; 
        GCD_PR_FGD(=3),可能的前景。 
        如果没有手工标记GCD_BGD或者GCD_FGD,那么结果只会有GCD_PR_BGD或GCD_PR_FGD; 
    rect——用于限定需要进行分割的图像范围,只有该矩形窗口内的图像部分才被处理; 
    bgdModel——背景模型,如果为null,函数内部会自动创建一个bgdModel;bgdModel必须是 
        单通道浮点型(CV_32FC1)图像,且行数只能为1,列数只能为13x5; 
    fgdModel——前景模型,如果为null,函数内部会自动创建一个fgdModel;fgdModel必须是 
        单通道浮点型(CV_32FC1)图像,且行数只能为1,列数只能为13x5; 
    iterCount——迭代次数,必须大于0; 
    mode——用于指示grabCut函数进行什么操作,可选的值有: 
        GC_INIT_WITH_RECT(=0),用矩形窗初始化GrabCut; 
        GC_INIT_WITH_MASK(=1),用掩码图像初始化GrabCut; 
        GC_EVAL(=2),执行分割。 
*/  
void cv::grabCut( InputArray _img, InputOutputArray _mask, Rect rect,  
                  InputOutputArray _bgdModel, InputOutputArray _fgdModel,  
                  int iterCount, int mode )  
{  
    Mat img = _img.getMat();  
    Mat& mask = _mask.getMatRef();  
    Mat& bgdModel = _bgdModel.getMatRef();  
    Mat& fgdModel = _fgdModel.getMatRef();  
  
    if( img.empty() )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "image is empty" );  
    if( img.type() != CV_8UC3 )  
        CV_Error( CV_StsBadArg, "image mush have CV_8UC3 type" );  
  
    GMM bgdGMM( bgdModel ), fgdGMM( fgdModel );  
    Mat compIdxs( img.size(), CV_32SC1 );  
  
    if( mode == GC_INIT_WITH_RECT || mode == GC_INIT_WITH_MASK )  
    {  
        if( mode == GC_INIT_WITH_RECT )  
            initMaskWithRect( mask, img.size(), rect );  
        else // flag == GC_INIT_WITH_MASK  
            checkMask( img, mask );  
        initGMMs( img, mask, bgdGMM, fgdGMM );  
    }  
  
    if( iterCount <= 0)  
        return;  
  
    if( mode == GC_EVAL )  
        checkMask( img, mask );  
  
    const double gamma = 50;  
    const double lambda = 9*gamma;  
    const double beta = calcBeta( img );  
  
    Mat leftW, upleftW, upW, uprightW;  
    calcNWeights( img, leftW, upleftW, upW, uprightW, beta, gamma );  
  
    for( int i = 0; i < iterCount; i++ )  
    {  
        GCGraph<double> graph;  
        assignGMMsComponents( img, mask, bgdGMM, fgdGMM, compIdxs );  
        learnGMMs( img, mask, compIdxs, bgdGMM, fgdGMM );  
        constructGCGraph(img, mask, bgdGMM, fgdGMM, lambda, leftW, upleftW, upW, uprightW, graph );  
        estimateSegmentation( graph, mask );  
    }  
}  
/*
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:43:25: error: precomp.hpp: No such file or directory
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:44:25: error: gcgraph.hpp: No such file or directory
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:47: error: 'cv' is not a namespace-name
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:47: error: expected namespace-name before ';' token
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:63: error: expected ')' before '&' token
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:64: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of 'Vec3d' with no type
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:64: error: expected ',' or '...' before 'color'
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:65: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of 'Vec3d' with no type
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:65: error: expected ',' or '...' before 'color'
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:66: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of 'Vec3d' with no type
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:66: error: expected ',' or '...' before 'color'
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:69: error: ISO C++ forbids declaration of 'Vec3d' with no type
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:69: error: expected ',' or '...' before 'color'
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:74: error: 'Mat' does not name a type
F:\temp\16139558.54575\Main.cc:89: error: expected ')' before '&' token
*/

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